电渗析与酸淋洗模拟紫色土酸化的效果比较

为了比较电渗析与酸淋洗试验模拟紫色土酸化的效果,在重庆地区采集了不同pH(5.00和7.06)的2个紫色土,分别进行不同天数(1,2,5,7,10天)的电渗析和酸淋洗试验处理,并分析了试验处理前后土壤的酸度特征和交换性盐基成分含量变化。结果表明,在整个10天的淋溶处理过程中,2种紫色土的pH均无显著变化,说明紫色土具有一定的酸缓冲能力,短期的酸雨淋溶不能实现紫色土的严重酸化。而采用电渗析处理10天后,中性紫色土和酸性紫色土的pH分别降低3.4和1.1个单位。在整个电渗析处理过程中,土壤的交换性酸含量显著升高,盐基离子大量淋失。电渗析可以实现对紫色土的快速酸化处理。2种紫色土中,电渗析处理后中性紫色土的酸化程度大于酸性紫色土。这是由于中性紫色土的表面负电荷量更高,导致更多致酸离子吸附在土壤胶体表面,最终造成中性紫色土的酸化程度更加严重。因此,电渗析处理比酸雨淋溶处理对紫色土酸化效果更好,且可用于紫色土的酸化机理研究。进一步结合2种方法的技术可操作性,认为电渗析法是研究紫色土酸化问题的一种有效技术手段。     

Dynamics of nitrogen translocation from mature leaves to new shoots and related gene expression during spring shoots development in tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.)

The contribution of N remobilization is crucial for new shoots growth and quality formation during spring tea shoots development. However, the translocation mechanism of N from source leaves to sink young shoots is not well understood. In the present study, ¹⁵N urea was applied to mature tea leaves one week before bud break to track N remobilization in a field experiment. The dynamic changes in plant ¹⁵N abundance, contents of amino acids, and the expression levels of genes related to N metabolism and translocation were followed during the 18‐d development of new spring shoots until three expanding young leaves. The results showed that during the growth of new shoots the amount of ¹⁵N in the shoots increased, whereas the N_dff (N derived from ¹⁵N‐urea) in mature leaves decreased, showing that the foliar‐applied N in mature leaves was readily exported to new shoots. This process was found to be accompanied by decline of chlorophylls. In the mature leaves, expression CsATG18a and CsSAG12 involved in autophagy was dramatically induced (> 4‐fold) at approximately nine days after the bud breaking. The genes involved in the transformation of amino acids, including primarily CsGDH2, CsGDH4, CsGLT3, CsGS1;3, and CsASN2 were upregulated by > 3‐fold after bud breaking. The expression levels of CsATG8A, CsATG9, CsSAG12, CsGS1;1, CsGDH1, and CsAAP6 correlated negatively with the N_dff in mature leaves, but positively with ¹⁵N amount and total N amount in new shoots, suggesting these genes played important roles in N export from mature leaves. In the new shoots, the expression of most genes showed two defined peaks, one on six days and one on 12 days after bud breaking. The expression of CsGS2, CsASN3, CsGLT1, and CsAAP4 positively correlated with the ¹⁵N amount and total N amount in new shoots. These genes might be involved in the transport and re‐assimilation of N from mature leaves. The overall results demonstrated that the translocation of ¹⁵N from mature leaves to new spring shoots was regulated by the genes involved in autophagy, protein degradation, amino acid transformation and transport.     

水稻灌浆期穗颈瘟发生对产量及茎节代谢产物的影响

【目的】检测自然条件下稻瘟病感病品种茎节的代谢产物,从代谢物角度解析水稻品种感病和产量降低的原因,为粳稻品种感病机理研究和生态防控提供理论依据。【方法】以稻瘟病感病品种辽星1号和粳型恢复系C418为材料,灌浆期调查穗颈瘟发病率,同时采用气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）非靶向代谢组学方法检测感病茎节和正常茎节的代谢产物,利用主成分分析（PCA）感病茎节与正常茎节之间代谢物组成,利用偏最小二乘法判别分析（PLS-DA）的变量权重值（VIP>1.0）进行两者之间差异代谢产物种类的筛选,比较两者糖类物质和氨基酸类物质的差异,从代谢物角度解析水稻品种产量降低的原因。成熟期进行结实率、千粒重、粒长、糙米率等产量和品质性状测定。【结果】辽星1号和C418穗颈瘟发病率分别为57.23%和82.94%。穗颈瘟显著降低一次枝梗整精米率、二次枝梗的结实率、千粒重、长宽比和整精米率,其他性状无显著差异。辽星1号和C418的茎节GC-MS检测均定性到358种代谢产物,感病茎节上调了73.46%和67.88%的代谢产物。PCA和PLS-DA分析可以将感病茎节和正常茎节的代谢产物清楚分开,辽星1号和C418的感病茎节和正常茎节之间具有明显不同的代谢产物表型,与正常茎节相比,辽星1号感病茎节诱导61种代谢产物相对含量显著变化,C418感病茎节诱导47种代谢产物相对含量显著变化,两个品种共有显著变化的代谢产物30种。其中,次生代谢产物香草酸、α-生育酚、脱氢抗坏血酸、三十烷醇、大豆苷元和N-乙酰-d-甘露糖胺的相对含量显著下调,辽星1号分别下调了87.03%、96.29%、77.95%、74.56%、86.48%和82.68%,C418分别下调了99.92%、99.68%、97.26%、86.67%、94.96%和76.74%。正常茎节中辽星1号这6种次生代谢产物的相对含量分别是C418的2.64、2.39、2.39、2.27、3.09和2.56倍;感病茎节上调了63.33%的糖类物质和68.42%的氨基酸类物质,糖类物质上调了1.02—17.92倍,氨基酸类物质上调了1.05—13.12倍,其中C418糖类物质上调的幅度更大。【结论】穗颈瘟发生显著改变了感病品种辽星1号和C418的茎节代谢产物组成,感病品种可能通过香草酸、α-生育酚、脱氢抗坏血酸、三十烷醇、大豆苷元和N-乙酰-d-甘露糖胺相对含量的变化调控茎节对稻瘟病的防御反应。感病茎节通过积累大量的糖类物质和氨基酸类物质,降低其向籽粒转运,抑制了产量形成。     

干旱胁迫下腐植酸对燕麦叶绿素荧光特性的调控效应

【目的】明确腐植酸(HA)对干旱胁迫下燕麦叶片叶绿素荧光特性的调控效应。【方法】采用盆栽试验,研究了在正常供水(75%田间持水率)、中度干旱胁迫(60%田间持水率)、重度干旱胁迫(45%田间持水率)3个水分条件下喷施HA对燕麦叶片叶绿素量及荧光参数的影响。【结果】①水分胁迫导致Chla+Chlb、Chla/Chlb、Fm、Fv、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo和qP显著降低,而Fo和NPQ显著升高;②与CK相比,干旱胁迫下HA处理Chla+Chlb提高0.6%~40.82%、Chla/Chlb提高1.13%~30.09%、Fm提高0.7%~121.19%、Fv提高1.0%~171.79%、Fv/Fm提高0.2%~83.89%、Fv/Fo提高1.9%~211.56%、qP提高0.1%~68.30%、NPQ提高6.02%~73.36%、而Fo降低0.70%~14.06%,其中在重度干旱胁迫下均达到显著差异。【结论】干旱胁迫对燕麦PSⅡ光反应系统产生明显伤害,喷施腐植酸可缓解其影响,且在重度干旱胁迫条件下效果最明显。     

All-trans retinoic acid attenuates blood-brain barrier injury induced by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats through JNK/P38 MAPK signaling pathway

AIM: To investigate the effect of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on blood-brain barrier after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (CIR) injury in rats and its possible role mechanism.METHODS: Male SD rats were randomly divided into sham group, model (CIR) group and CIR+ATRA (10, 30 and 90 mg/kg) groups. The rat model of CIR injury was established by MCAO thread occlusion method. After ischemia for 1.5 h and reperfusion for 24 h, the neurological functional behavioral score, cerebral infarction volume, brain water content and Evans blue content were determined. The activity of matrix metalloprotein-9 (MMP-9) was measured by gelatin zymography. The protein levels of claudin-5, occludin, ZO-1, JNK, p-JNK, P38, p-P38 and MMP-9 in the brain tissues were determined by Western blot.RESULTS: Compared with CIR model group, ATRA at 30 mg/kg significantly improved neurological function, and decreased cerebral infarction volume, brain water content, Evans blue content and the degradation of tight junction proteins in ischemic area (P<0.01). The activity and protein expression of MMP-9 in ischemic brain tissue were decreased (P<0.01). The phosphorylation of JNK and P38 was inhibited and the protein levels of p-JNK and p-P38 were decreased (P<0.01).CONCLUSION: ATRA reduces the damage of brain tissue and the destruction of blood-brain barrier induced by CIR in rats. The protective effect may be related to inhibiting the activation of JNK/P38 MAPK signaling pathway and MMP-9.     

彩色小麦近等基因系籽粒中氨基酸含量的比较分析

氨基酸是蛋白质的基本组成单位,是人体必需的重要营养物质。彩色小麦被认为是一类新型的营养保健小麦品种,但对其籽粒中氨基酸含量的研究很少。本研究首次利用高效液相色谱法比较分析了种植于三个环境中的彩色小麦近等基因系(蓝粒小麦科兴611,紫粒小麦科兴617和白粒小麦轮回亲本济麦22)籽粒中多种氨基酸的含量。结果表明,蓝粒小麦科兴611的必需氨基酸含量、非必需氨基酸含量及总氨基酸含量均显著地高于紫粒小麦科兴617和白粒亲本济麦22。紫粒小麦科兴617和白粒小麦济麦22相比,必需氨基酸含量、非必需氨基酸含量及总氨基酸含量相近,甚至低于济麦22。因此,蓝粒小麦籽粒氨基酸含量高的性状,有益于满足人类营养需求,同时可作为育种材料改良小麦品种的氨基酸含量,尤其是提高限制性氨基酸的含量,进而提高小麦的营养品质。     

以Lorke法为基础的半致死剂量(LD50)分析方法在油酸、化香树果序、黄连素抗镉减毒评价中的应用

镉污染严重着威胁农业的健康发展,如何有效抗镉减毒是保障农业生产安全的重要措施,然而目前缺乏高效的抗镉药物及简便易行的评价方法。本实验借助Lorke法为基础的半致死剂量(LD50)分析方法,检测了油酸、化香树果序、黄连素等不同潜在的抗镉化合物的减毒作用。通过改良后的Lorke法测定不同抗镉药物对小鼠的径口镉LD50的影响。结果显示,与200mg/kg维生素C相比,在灌胃200mg/kg油酸、化香树果序、黄连素能够减轻镉的毒性,提高镉的LD50。对照的LD50由140-160mg/kg分别上升至300-320mg/kg(油酸组),280-300mg/kg(化香树果序组)和320-340mg/kg(黄连素组)。以上结果表明,以Lorke法为基础的LD50分析方法,能够评价出油酸、化香树果序、黄连素的减镉毒作用,及其剂量-效应关系。以上结果同时证明了相同剂量下黄连素效果要优于油酸、优于化香树果序。     

超高效液相色谱串联质谱非衍生化法测定土壤中草甘膦及其代谢物氨甲基膦酸含量

为了建立土壤中草甘膦(Glyphosate）及其主要代谢物氨甲基膦酸(AMPA)残留的定量分析方法,采用固相萃取结合液相色谱串联质谱技术,样品以磷酸钠和柠檬酸三钠混合溶液提取,经固相萃取柱净化,采用正向亲水性液相色谱柱(Hilic)梯度洗脱,通过质谱的多反应监测(MRM)负离子模式扫描进行测定,外标法定量。结果表明:草甘膦、氨甲基膦酸的线性范围为0.02~0.2 μg/mL,相关系数(R²)分别为0.9995、0.9998,检出限分别为0.5 μg/kg和0.6 μg/kg,定量限分别为1.6 μg/kg和2.0 μg/kg;3个加标水平草甘膦的回收率在79.67%~96.17%之间,AMPA回收率在77.83%~99.47%之间,RSD值分别为3.95%~7.49%、1.96%~3.89%。与传统的柱前衍生方法相比,具有前处理简单、检出限低、灵敏度高的优点,完全可以适用于土壤中草甘膦的分析。     

Are dual-purpose and male layer chickens more resilient against a low-protein-low-soybean diet than slow-growing broilers?

ABSTRACT

1. Although fattening dual-purpose types or male layer hybrid chickens appears more ethical than the common practice of culling day-old male layer chicks, the lower feed efficiency of these birds raises concerns. Replacing feed ingredients that compete with food production by those of lower value for human nutrition would be beneficial.

2. Lohmann Dual (LD), a modern dual-purpose type, Lohmann Brown (LB), a male layer hybrid, and Hubbard JA 957 (HU), a slow-growing broiler type, were fattened for nine weeks on two diets (control or ?20% crude protein; n = 6 × 12 birds). Growth, carcass and meat quality were analysed.

3. Growth performance of HU exceeded that of LD and especially of LB. The growth depression caused by the low-protein diet fed to LD (?7%) was only half of that found in HU (?13%). The LD fed the control diet had the same feed efficiency as the HU fed the low-protein diet. Even the LB had a lower performance and feed efficiency with the low-protein diet in growth. There was a gradient in carcass properties (weight, dressing percentage, breast meat yield, breast proportion and breast angle) from HU to LD to LB, with some additional adverse effects of the low-protein diet especially in HU. There were some breed differences in fatty acid profile in the intramuscular fat.

4. In conclusion, the dual-purpose type used complied with regulations for Swiss organic poultry systems in terms of growth rate and was found to respond less when fed a low-protein diet than the slow-growing broiler type. The LB males were inferior in all growth and carcass quality traits. Future studies need to determine the exact protein and amino acid requirements of dual-purpose and layer hybrid chickens and the economic feasibility of the systems, especially for organic farming.